Steven P. Segal

The Utility of Outpatient Civil Commitment (SMI Advisor:An APA and SAMHSA Initiative 02.01.24)

Should Calif. Be Model for National Mental Health System? (contributor) (California Healthline 01.17.13)

How California’s Efforts to Balance the Budget Have Interfered with the Mental Health System. (The Daily Californian 10.13.09)

2016 Fulbright Alumni Award

2014 Senior Fulbright Specialist Status

2012 Distinguished Alumni Award, School of Social Work, University of Wisconsin, Madison

2010 Fellow of the American Academy of Social Work and Social Welfare

2009 Distinguished Visiting Fellow, Institute for Advanced Study, La Trobe University, Australia

2008 Awarded Lifetime Status, American Psychological Association

2006 Outstanding Practice Research Award, 5th International Conference on Social Work in Health and Mental Health (December 10-14, 2006; Hong Kong).

2003 Named among the best researchers in Social Work in June, 2003 survey reported in the Journal of Social Work Research.

2003 Hunter College Hall of Fame, Elected Member Hunter College of the City University of New York.

2003 Distinguished Achievement Award, Society for Social Work and Research.

2002 Distinguished Investigator Award, National Association for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression.

1998-99 Senior Research and Lecture Fulbright Award Australia.

1995 Service Learning Award, University of California Berkeley.

1988-89 Harris Trust Award.

1987 Medal of Brescia, Italy, for presentation of Comparative International Research on Italian, United States, and British Mental Health Systems.

1985-86 Western European Regional Research Fulbright, (The United Kingdom & Italy). 

Research and Training Grant Awards

Muslim Access to Mental Health Services in Israel and California, 2022-present

Preventing Victimization of Persons with Severe Mental Illness: The Utility of Community Treatment Orders, 2016-2028. Experiences of 145,000 individuals, across three decades. Inclusive of all mental health, health, social service, criminal justice contacts, and social context experiences in the State of Victoria, Australia.

Eritrean Refugee Outcomes in Israel. 2015-present

Palestinian Refugee Outcomes in Lebanon and Syria 2009-present

Mack Center on Mental Health and Social Conflict Pre/Post-Doctoral Training Program, Private Endowment, 2009-2016

Mack Mental Health Research Chair, Private Endowment, 2009-2016

Mack Center on Mental Health and Social Conflict, Private Endowment, 2009-2016

Understanding the Role of Stability in Promoting Positive Outcomes in Residential Settings‖ Zellerbach Family Fund, 2006-2008.

Understanding the Benefits and Costs of Alternative Schemes of Involuntary Outpatient Commitment. California Policy Research Center, University of California 2003-2006.

Management of Chronic Brain Disease Under Alternative Schemes of Involuntary Outpatient Civil Commitment‖ 2002-2006 NARSAD Distinguished Investigator Award.

Vision of Mental Health Services‖ Zellerbach Family Fund, 1999-2003.

Financing and Service Delivery in Mental Health‖ NIMH/NRSA Pre/Post Doctoral Research Training Program, With Richard Scheffler. MH 18828B. School of Public Health and School of Social Welfare, University of California, Berkeley. 1987-2004.

Self-Help Agency Functions/Empowerment/and Member Outcomes, NIMH Grant #MH47487,1991-2005

Process & Outcome in Board-Run Self Help Agency Dropins SAMHSA Grant 1998-2000

Center for Self-Help Research, NIMH Grant, 1990-1992.

Reintegrating the Mentally Handicapped, NIMH Grant #MH41441, 1986-1989.

Medical Care Needs of the Chronically Mentally Ill, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 1983-1986, and renewed for the period of 1986-91.

Indexing Civil Commitment in Psych Emergencies‖ National Institute of Mental Health, Grant #MH37310, funded in competitive renewals from 1982-94.

Indexing Civil Commitment in Psych Emergencies‖ National Center for Health Services Research, Grant #HSO4564, 1981-82.

Reintegrating the Mentally Ill, ‖ grant from NIMH funded in competitive renewals from 1974 to 1983; #RO1MH25417.

Reintegrating the Mentally Ill‖ California State Department of Mental Health, 1972-74.

Copies of most articles are available on request from spsegal@berkeley.edu.

Segal, S. (2024). The Utility of Outpatient Civil Commitment. SMI Adviser. https://education.smiadviser.org/url/product/S6242802

Segal SP. (2023). Home First: Stability and Opportunity in Out-of-Home Care. Psych 2023, 5(1), 148-193 https://doi.org/10.3390/psych5010014

https://www.mdpi.com/2624-8611/5/1/14

Segal SP, Rimes L, Badran L (13 January 2023). Mortality-Risk With “CAPACITY” Constraints on Community Treatment Order Utilization. Schizophrenia Bulletin Open, 2023: 4(1), sgac077, https://doi.org/10.1093/schizbullopen/sgac077

Segal SP, Rimes L, Badran L (2023). Need for Treatment, A Less Restrictive Alternative to Hospitalization, and Treatment Provision: The Utility of Community Treatment Orders. Schizophrenia Bulletin Open. 4(1), January 2023, sgac071. https://doi.org/10.1093/schizbullopen/sgac071   PMC9894024  PMID: 36756191

Segal SP, Badran L, Rimes L. (2022). Accessing acute medical care to protect health: the utility of community treatment orders. General Psychiatry Online 2022-12-16;35:e100858. doi:10.1136/ gpsych-2022-100858  PMC9764604          PMID: 36654668 https://gpsych.bmj.com/content/gpsych/35/6/e100858.full.pdf

Rizkalla N, Bakr O, Alsamman S, Sbini S, Masud H, Segal SP (2022). The Syrian regime’s apparatus for systemic torture: A qualitative narrative study of testimonies from survivors. BMC Psychiatry. DOI10.1186/s12888-022-04425-w Online 2022-12-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-04425-w   https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12888-022-04425-w.pdf.

Segal, SP (2022) Protecting health and safety with needed-treatment: The effectiveness of outpatient commitment. Psychiatric Quarterly 93(1):55-79, Epub 2021 Jan 6. DOI:10.1007/s11126-020-09876-6 PMC8257759 PMID: 33404994 NIHMS1661410

Segal, SP (2021) Deinstitutionalization in Macro Practice. (2021). Encyclopedia of Social Work in Macro Practice. Co- published by the NASW Press and Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.1579. Published online: 22 Dec. 2021

Segal, SP (2021) Deinstitutionalization, 2021. Encyclopedia of Social Work. 21th Edition. Co- published by the NASW Press and Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.101.

Segal, SP (2021). Hospital utilization outcomes following assignment to outpatient commitment. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research. September (2021) Volume 48(5), 942-961 #APMH-D-20-00248R1. DOI: 10.1007/s10488-021-01112-y    PMC8329100   PMID: 33404994 NIHMS1677638

Segal, SP (2021). Protecting health and safety with needed-treatment: The effectiveness of outpatient commitment. Psychiatric Quarterly 93(1): 55-79. DOI:10.1007/s11126-020-09876-6  PMC8329100  PMID: 33404994 NIHMS1661410

Segal, SP (2020) Different patient group responses to community treatment orders suggest alternative approaches. Professional Development: The International Journal of Continuing Social Work Education, 23(2): 61-71. PMC8136251        PMID: 34025111  NIHMS1685098. http://www.profdevjournal.org/articles/232061.pdf

Niveen Rizkalla R, Mallat NK, Arafa P, Adi S, Soudi L, Segal SP (2020). Children Are Not Children Anymore; They Are a Lost Generation”: Adverse Physical and Mental Health Consequences on Syrian Refugee Children. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8378. doi:10.3390/ijerph17228378  PMC7696198        PMID: 33198333

Segal SP, Khoury VC, Salah R, Ghannam J (2020)Unattended Mental Health Needs in Primary Care: Lebanon’s Shatila Palestinian Refugee Camp. Clinical Medicine Insights: Psychiatry, 11: pp 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/1179557320962523

Rizkalla N, Segal SP (2020). Refugee trauma work: Effects on intimate relationships and vicarious posttraumatic growth. Journal of Affective Disorders.

 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.054  PMID: 32738669

Segal SP (2020). The utility of outpatient commitment: investigating the evidence.International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. 70, 101565, 1-24

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2020.101565   PMC7394121  PMID: 32482302 NIHMS1597304

Rizkalla N, Arafa R, Mallat NK, Soudic L, Adid S, .Segal SP (2019). Women in refuge: Syrian women voicing health sequelae due to war traumatic experiences and displacement challenges. Journal ofPsychosomatic Research, Available online 24 December 2019, 109909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.109909

Rizkalla N, Segal SP (2019). Trauma during humanitarian work: the effects on intimacy, wellbeing and PTSD-symptoms, European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10:1, 1679065. DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2019.1679065  PMC6818129  PMID: 31692832

Rizkalla N, Segal SP(2019). War can harm intimacy: Consequences for refugees who escaped Syria. Journal of Global Health. December 2019 9(2)

doi: 10.7189/jogh.09.020407 PMC6642814  PMID: 31360447

Segal SP, Hayes SL, Rimes L (2019). The utility of outpatient commitment: Reduced-risks of victimization and crime perpetration. European Psychiatry. 56, 97–104. DOI:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.12.001 PMC7202380       PMID: 30654319  NIHMS1582452

Segal SP, Hayes SL, Rimes L (2018). The utility of outpatient commitment: acute medical care access and protecting health. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology53(6), 597-606. DOI: 10.1007/s00127-018-1510-5\ PMC7336898           PMID: 29626237  NIHMS1593354

Rizkalla N, Segal SP (2018).  Wellbeing and Growth among Syrian Refugees in Jordan. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 31(2):213-222. doi: 10.1002/jts.22281. Epub 2018 Mar 31 PMID: 29604123

 Segal SP, Khoury VC, Salah R, Ghannam J. (2018). Contributors to Screening Positive for Mental Illness in Lebanon's Shatila Palestinian Refugee Camp. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2018 Jan; 206(1):46-51. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0000000000000751. PMID: 28976407

Rizkalla N, Zeevi-Barkay M, Segal SP (2017). Rape Crisis Counseling: Trauma Contagion and Supervision. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1-24. doi:10.1177/0886260517736877 PMID: 29294964

Segal SP (2017). Assessment of outpatient commitment in randomised trials. Lancet-Psychiatry. 4(12): e26 - e28. doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30286-9            PMID: 29179938

Segal SP, Hayes SL, Rimes L (2017). The utility of outpatient commitment: I. A need for treatment and a least restrictive alternative to psychiatric hospitalization. (APPI-PS-2016-00161.R5) Psychiatric Services. 68(12): 1247-1254. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201600161  PMC7138506  PMID: 28760100        NIHMS1553563

Segal SP, Hayes SL, Rimes L (2017). The utility of outpatient commitment: II. Mortality risk, protecting health, safety, and quality of life (APPI-PS-2016-00164.R5) Psychiatric Services. 68(12): 1255–1261. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201600164 PMC7213026  PMID: 28760099  NIHMS1582450. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7213026/

Segal, SP and Franskoviak, P (2017). Denial of access to individuals seeking inpatient care: disposition determinants and 12 month outcomes. Journal of Forensic Sciences & Criminal Investigation. 2017; 2(4): 555592. DOI: 10.19080/JFSCI.2017.02.555592. PMC7434094 PMID: 32832845 NIHMS1595741 https://juniperpublishers.com/jfsci/pdf/JFSCI.MS.ID.555592.pdf https://juniperpublishers.com/jfsci/Current%20Issue-jfsci.php

Namkee G, Choi NG, DiNitto DM, Nathan Marti CN, Segal SP (2017). Adverse childhood experiences and suicide attempts among those with mental and substance use disorders. Child Abuse & Neglect. 69 (2017) 252–262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.04.024 PMID: 28500922

Segal SP (2017). Looking for continuity of care. Journal of Nursing Care Quality. 32(3):187-188,  DOI: 10.1097/NCQ.0000000000000246 PMID: 28212165. 

Hayes SL, Segal SP (2016). Fear of adverse mental health treatment experiences: initial psychometric properties of a brief self-report measure. Psychological Assessment, 2016 Jul 21. DOI: 10.1037/pas0000362 PMID: 27442625. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27442625

Segal SP, Hayes S (2016). Consumer-run services research and implications for mental health care. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences. 25(5): 410-416

doi:10.1017/S2045796016000287 PMC7048404 PMID: 27118346 NIHMS1553545

Portacolone E, Segal SP, Mezzina R, Scheper-Hughes N, Okin RL (2015). A Tale of Two Cities: The Exploration of the Trieste Public Psychiatry Model in San Francisco. Cult Med Psychiatry. 2015 Dec;39(4):680-97. doi: 10.1007/s11013-015-9458-3 PMID: 25998781

Segal SP (2015). Both Section 17s and CTOs are clinical mechanisms testing treatment stability on hospital release. Letter in response to Dr Segal's commentary on Tom Burns OCTET. Evidenced Based Mental Health 2013;16:4 117. doi:10.1136/eb-2013-101579 PMID: 24104556

Kisely S, Preston N, Xiao A, Lawrence D, Louise S, Crowe E (2014). Segal S. An eleven-year evaluation of the effect of community treatment orders on changes in mental health service use. Journal of Psychiatric Research 47(5):650-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.01.010. PMID: 23415453

Moore M, Winkelman A, Kwong S, Segal SP, Manley GT, Shumway M (2014). The emergency department social work intervention for mild traumatic brain injury.Brain Injury28(4):448-55. doi: 10.3109/02699052.2014.890746. Epub 2014 Apr 4.

Segal SP (2014). Commentary to community treatment orders do not reduce hospital readmission in people with psychosis. Evidenced-Based Mental Health 2013; 16: 116. DOI:10.1136/eb-2013-101438

Segal, SP (2013). Involuntary care and mandated settings. Encyclopedia of Social Work. 21th Edition. Co-published by the NASW Press and Oxford University Press.

Segal SP, Jacobs L (2013). Deinstitutionalization. Encyclopedia of Social Work. 21th Edition. Co-published by the NASW Press and Oxford University Press. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Leah-Jacobs-3/publication/273576079...

Segal SP. (2013). Self-Help Groups and Organizations. Encyclopedia of Social Work. 21th Edition. Co-published by the NASW Press and Oxford University Press.

Segal, S. P., Silverman, C., & Temkin, T (2013) Self stigma in consumer-operated and community mental health services: Two randomized controlled trials. Psychiatric Services. 64(10): 990-996. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201200490 PMC7100964 PMID: 23771604 NIHMS1553556

Segal, S. P., Silverman, C., & Temkin, T. (2013) Are All Consumer-Operated Programs Empowering Self-Help Agencies? Social Work in Mental Health, 11(1), 1-15.

doi: 10.1080/15332985.2012.718731         PMC7486029  PMID: 32922215  NIHMS1623840

Segal, SP. (2012) Civil Commitment Law, Mental Health Services, and U.S. Homicide Rates. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 47:1449–1458

doi: 10.1007/s00127-011-0450-0   PMC7336875   PMID: 22072224   NIHMS1600730

Segal, S. P., Silverman, C., & Temkin, T (2011) Outcomes from Consumer-operated and community mental health services: A randomized controlled trial. Psychiatric Services. 62(8), 915-921. DOI: 10.1176/ps.62.8.pss6208_0915       PMC7012386 PMID: 21807831        NIHMS1553571

Segal, S. P., Silverman, C., & Temkin, T. (2010). Self-help and community mental health agency outcomes: A recovery-focused randomized trial. Psychiatric Services.  61(9), 905-910. doi: 10.1176/ps.2010.61.9.905  PMC7518881     PMID: 20810589  NIHMS1623841

Segal, S. P., & Burgess, P. (2009) Preventing psychiatric hospitalization and involuntary outpatient commitment. Social Work in Health Care. 48(3), 232-242.

doi: 10.1080/00981380802605567           PMC7797203  PMID: 19360528  NIHMS1657889

Segal SP, Preston N, Kisely S, and Xiao J (2009) Conditional release in Western Australia: effect on hospital length of stay. Psychiatric Services, 60(12), 94-99.

doi: 10.1176/ps.2009.60.1.94       PMC7609020  PMID: 19114577  NIHMS1639898

Segal SP, Burgess PM (2008) Use of community treatment orders to prevent psychiatric hospitalization. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 42:733-740. doi: 10.1080/00048670802206312           PMC7690455  PMID: 18622781        NIHMS1639894

Segal, S.P. (2008) Deinstitutionalization. Encyclopedia of Social Work. 20th Edition. Co-published by the NASW Press and Oxford University Press. 2: 10-20

Segal, S. P. (2008) Self Help Groups. Encyclopedia of Social Work. 20th Edition. Co-published by the NASW Press and Oxford University Press.

Segal, SP and Tauber, A.I. (2007) Revisiting Hume’s Law. American Journal of Bioethics 7(11): 43-45. doi.org/10.1080/15265160701638694

Segal, S. P., & Burgess, P. (2006). Conditional hospital release: Interpreting the message. Psychiatric Services, 57(12), 1810.

DOI: 10.1176/ps.2006.57.12.1810 PMID: 17158504https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/ps.2006.57.12.1810

Segal, S. P., & Burgess, P. (2006). The utility of extended outpatient civil commitment. International Journal of Law and Mental Health, 29(6), 525-534.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2006.09.001 PMC7735736 PMID: 17070577 NIHMS1639892

Segal, S. P., & Burgess, P. (2006). Factors in the selection of patients for conditional release from their first psychiatric hospitalization. Psychiatric Services, 57, 1614-1622. DOI: 10.1176/ps.2006.57.11.1614   PMC7155892 PMID: 17085610 NIHMS1569733

Segal SP. Burgess P (2006). Effect of conditional release from hospitalization on mortality risk. Psychiatric Services, 57, 1607-1613. DOI: 10.1176/ps.2006.57.11.1607  PMC7075631 PMID: 17085609 NIHMS1569735

Segal SP, Burgess P (2006). Conditional release: A less restrictive alternative to hospitalization? Psychiatric Services, 57, 1600-1606. DOI: 10.1176/ps.2006.57.11.1600  PMC7117616  PMID: 17085608 NIHMS1569731

Segal SP, Burgess P. (2006). Extended outpatient civil commitment and treatment utilization. Social Work in Health Care, 43(2/3), 37-51. ISSN: 0098-1389. doi: 10.1300/J010v43n02_04       PMC7852557  PMID: 16956852  NIHMS1657870

Prince J, Segal SP (2005). An empowering medical model of mental health care. Psychiatric Services, 56(4), 901. https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/epub/10.1176/appi.ps.56.8.901

Barretto R, Segal SP (2005). Use of mental health services by Asian Americans. Psychiatric Services, 56(6), 746-748. doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.56.6.746 PMC7333528  PMID: 15939954        NIHMS1600733

Segal SP (2005). Service use by Asian Americans: In Reply. Psychiatric Services, 56(10), 1314. doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.56.10.1314-ahttps://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/epub/10.1176/appi.ps.56.10.1314-a

Hahm, H., & Segal, S. P. (2005). Failure to seek needed health care among the mentally ill. American Journal of Ortho Psychiatry, 75(1), 54-62. doi: 10.1037/0002-9432.75.1.54   PMC7690558   PMID: 15709850   NIHMS1639900

Theriot, M., & Segal, S. P. (2005). Involvement with the criminal justice system among new clients at outpatient mental health agencies. Psychiatric Services, 56(2), 179-185. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.56.2.179   PMC7486029   PMID: 15703345 NIHMS1623842

Segal, S. P. (2004) Managing transitions and insuring good care. Psychiatric Services, 55(11),1205. DOI:10.1176/appi.ps.55.11.1205. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8186927_Managing_Transitions_an...

Hodges, J. Q., Hardiman, E. R., & Segal, S. P. (2004) Predictors of hope among members of mental health self-help agencies. Social Work in Mental Health, 2(1), 1-16. DOI: 10.1300/J200v02n01_01   PMC7869839   PMID: 33564277

Segal, S. P., Lauri, T., & Franskoviak, P. (2004). Ambivalence of PES patients hospitalization and factors in their disposition. International Journal of Law and Mental Health, 27(1), 87-99. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2003.12.003 PMC7337012  PMID: 15019770        NIHMS1595740

Hardiman, E. R., & Segal, S. P. (2003) Community membership and social networks in mental health self-help agencies.  Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 27(1): 25-33. doi: 10.2975/27.2003.25.33.         PMC7878020  PMID:12967229

Segal, S. P., & Riley, S. (2003). Caring for persons with serious mental illness: Policy & practice suggestions. Social Work and Mental Health, 1(3), 1-17. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.54.5.745-a.  PMC7470224  PMID:12719511.

Theriot, M. T., Segal, S. P. & Cowsert, M. J. Jr. (2003). African-Americans and comprehensive service use. Community Mental Health Journal, 29(3), 225-237. doi: 10.1023/a:1023390223253   PMC7699027  PMID:12836804.

Segal, S. P. (2003). Large data sets are powerful. Psychiatric Services, 54(5), 745-746. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.54.5.745-a.   PMC7470224 PMID:12719511.

Segal, S. P. (2002) Policy Suggestions and Practice/Research Perspectives on Treatment Objectives and Outcomes. Public Affairs Report 43(1):1-23. DOI:10.13140/RG.2.1.4191.5764

Segal, S. P., Hodges, J. Q., & Hardiman, E. R. (2002). Factors in the decisions to seek help from self-help and co-located community mental health agencies. American Journal of Ortho Psychiatry, 72(2), 241-249. doi: 10.1037/0002-9432.72.2.241   PMC7690453   PMID: 15792063   NIHMS1647118

Segal, S. P., Watson, M., & Akutsu, P. (2002). Involuntary return to a psychiatric emergency service within twelve months. Social Work in Health Care, 35(1/2), 591-603. doi: 10.1300/J010v35n01_13   PMID:12365760

Segal, S. P., Hardiman, E. R., & Hodges, J. Q. (2002). Characteristics of new clients at self-help and community mental health agencies located in geographic proximity. Psychiatric Services, 53,1145-1152. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.53.9.1145. PMC7852554  PMID: 12221314        NIHMS1657871

Franskoviak, P., & Segal, S. P. (2002). Substance use and mental disorder diagnostic profiles in a sample long-term self-help agency users. American Journal of Ortho Psychiatry, 72(2), 232-240. doi: 10.1037/0002-9432.72.2.241. PMC7575409  PMID:15792063.

Hodges, J. Q., & Segal, S. P. (2002). Goal advancement among mental health self-help agency members. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 26(1), 78-85. doi: 10.2975/26.2002.78.85. PMC7894211   PMID:12171286.     NIHMS1657865

Holschuh, J., & Segal, S. P. (2002). Factors related to multiplexity in support networks of persons with severe mental illness. In J. A. Levy and B. A. Pescosolido (Eds.), Social Networks and Health, Vol. 8, Advances in Medical Sociology (pp. 2985-323). Oxford: Elsevier Science. DOI:10.1016/S1057-6290(02)80031-6

Segal, S. P., & Silverman, C. (2002). Determinants of outcomes in mental health self-help agencies. Psychiatric Services, 53(3), 304-309. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.53.3.304   PMC7833670   PMID: 11875224          NIHMS1657864

Segal, S. P., & Deitrich, E. (2001). Quality of care for dual diagnosis patients in psychiatric emergency assessments. American Journal of Ortho Psychiatry, 71(1), 72-78. doi: 10.1037/0002-9432.71.1.72.  PMC7725058 PMID:11271719

Segal, S. P. (2001). Effectiveness of involuntary outpatient commitment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 654-655. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.4.654         

Segal, S. P., Lauri, T., & Segal, M. J. (2001). Factors in the use of coercive retention in civil commitment evaluations in psychiatric emergency services. Psychiatric Services, 52(4), 514-521. DOI:10.1176/appi.ps.52.4.514  PMC7269008  PMID: 11274499

Segal, S. P., Silverman, C., & Redman, D. (2000). Measuring clients’ satisfaction with self-help agencies. Psychiatric Services, 51(9),1148-1152. DOI:10.1176/appi.ps.51.9.1148  PMC7759341  PMID:10970918          NIHMS1653887        

Segal, S. P. (1999). Social work in a managed care environment. International Journal of Social Welfare, 8, 47-55. doi: 10.1111/1468-2397.00061   PMC7643903  PMID: 33162778         NIHMS1636795

Segal, S. P. (1998). The impact of managed care on the practice of psychotherapy, a review. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 25(2), 186-188. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2498&context=...

Segal, S. P., Watson, M., & Akutsu, P. (1998). Factors associated with involuntary return to a psychiatric emergency service within twelve months. Psychiatric Services, 49(9), 1212-1217. DOI: 10.1176/ps.49.9.1212          PMC7321807   PMID: 9735965   NIHMS1585102

Segal, S. P., Silverman, C., & Gomory, T. (1998). Health status of long-term users of self-help agencies. Health and Social Work, 23(1), 45-52. DOI:10.1093/hsw/23.1.45 PMC8232065  PMID:9522203 NIHMS1706935

Segal S. P., Tracy, L., & Silverman, C. (1997). Coping, catastrophic life events and disabling experiences among users of mental health self-help agencies. Psychiatry in Medicine, 27(4), 350- 351. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4vt4n3gf

Segal, S. P., Silverman, C., & Temkin, T. (1997). Social networks and psychological disability and homeless users of SHAs. Social Work in Health Care, 25(3), 49-61 DOI:10.1300/J010v25n03_05   PMC7774868   PMID:9358599

Segal, S. P., Silverman, C., & Temkin, T. (1997). Program environments of self-help agencies. Journal of Mental Health Administration, 24(4), 456-464. DOI: 10.1007/BF02790506          PMC7797204  PMID: 9364113

Segal, S. P. Egley, L., & Watson, M., & Goldfinger, S. (1997). The quality of psychiatric emergency evaluations. Breakthrough, 1(3), 17-30. PMC9635401        PMID: 36338827

Segal SP (1997). Response to Fuller Torrey. Psychiatric Services, 48(5), 604. https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/epdf/10.1176/ps.48.5.604a

Segal SP, Sawyer D (1996). Sheltered care facility size and the social integration of mentally ill adults. Adult Residential Care, 10(2), 75-87. PMC7434103        PMID: 32831476

Silverman CJ, Segal SP (l996). When neighbors complain: Correlates of neighborhood opposition to sheltered care facilities. Adult Residential Care Journal, 10(2), 137-148. PMC7853654   PMID: 33536701   NIHMS1657887

Segal SP, Silverman C, Temkin T (1996). Self-help mental health programs. Breakthrough, 1(1), 23-34.

Segal SP, Watson M, & Akutsu P (1996). Quality of care and use of less restrictive alternatives in the psychiatric emergency service. Psychiatric Services, 47(6), 623-627. doi: 10.1176/ps.47.6.623   PMC7269009   PMID: 8726490   NIHMS1585093

Hwang SD, Segal SP (1996). Criminality of the mentally ill in sheltered care: Are they more dangerous? International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 19(1), 93-105. doi: 10.1016/0160-2527(95)0          PMC7773135   PMID: 8929663

Segal, S. P., VanderVoort, D. J., & Liese, L. H. (1996). Health and a residential care population. Social Science and Medicine, 42(5), 713-719. DOI:10.1016/0277-9536(95)00196-4   PMC7423193   PMID: 8685739  NIHMS1609685

Segal, S. P., & VanderVoort, D. J. (1996). Differences in daily hassle patterns among California’s seriously mentally ill sheltered residents. Adult Residential Care, 10(1), 54-65. PMC7513960           PMID: 32982046     NIHMS1628648

Segal, S. P., & Choi, J. (1996). Ownership form and quality of care in sheltered care facilities: Chain-affiliated business vs. sole proprietorship. Adult Residential Care, 10(1), 28-37. PMC7434105   PMID: 32831475   NIHMS1609680

Segal, S. P., Bola, J. R., & Watson, M. (1996). Race, quality of care, and antipsychotic prescription practices in the psychiatric emergency service. Psychiatric Services, 47(3), 282-286. doi: 10.1176/ps.47.3.282    PMC7306413            PMID:8820552

Temkin, T., Silverman, C., & Segal, S. P. (1996). Making self-help work. The Journal of the California Alliance for the Mentally Ill, 6(3), 4-5. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303994468_Making_self-help_work

Segal, S. P., Egley, L. Watson, M., Miller, L., & Goldfinger, S. (1995). Factors in the quality of patient evaluations in general hospital psychiatric emergency services. Psychiatric Services, 46(11),1144-1149. doi: 10.1176/ps.46.11.1144.         PMC7321804  PMID:8564503. NIHMS1585087  

Segal, S. P., Egley, L. Watson, M., Goldfinger, S. (1995). The quality of psychiatric emergency evaluations and patient outcomes in county hospitals. American Journal of Public Health, 85(10), 1429-1431. doi: 10.2105/ajph.85.10.1429        PMC1615605  PMID: 7573631

Segal, S. P., Silverman, C., & Temkin, T. (1995). Measuring empowerment in client-run self help agencies. Community Mental Health Journal, 31(3), 215-227. doi: 10.1007/bf02188748  PMID:7621659.

Segal, S. P. (1995). Deinstitutionalization. In Encyclopedia of Social Work (19th ed., pp. 704-712). Washington DC: NASW Press.

Segal, S. P., Silverman, C., & Temkin, T. (1995). Characteristics and service use of long-term members of self-help agencies for mental health clients. Psychiatric Services, 46(3), 269-274. doi: 10.1176/ps.46.3.269.  PMC7699826 PMID: 7796216 

Silverman, C. J., & Segal, S. P. (l994). Who belongs?: An analysis of ex-mental patient's subjective involvement in the neighborhood. Adult Residential Care Journal, 8(2), 103-113. PMC7544154   PMID: 33041503

Segal, S. P., Silverman, C., & Temkin, T. (l994). Issues in self -help agency research. Innovations and Research, 3(1), 47-49. PMC7810207   PMID: 33456297 NIHMS1657872

 

Segal, S. P., & Hwang, S. D. (1994). Licensure of sheltered-care facilities. Social Work, 39(1), 124-131. doi: 10.1093/sw/39.1.124 PMC7511087  PMID: 32973369   NIHMS1628650

Segal, S. P., Silverman, C., & Temkin, T. (1993). Empowerment and self-help agency practice for people with mental disabilities. Social Work, 38(6), 705-712. PMC7575187   PMID:8256142   NIHMS1632777

Watson, M. A., Segal, S. P., & Newhill, C. E. (1993). Police referral to psychiatric emergency services and its effect on disposition decisions. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 44(11), 1085-1090. doi: 10.1176/ps.44.11.1085          PMC7336889  PMID: 8288179

Segal, S. P., & Silverman, C. (1993). The survival of sheltered care homes: facility and neighborhood contributions. Adult Residential Care Journal, 7(2), 88-103. PMC7447195    PMID: 32848295           NIHMS1610494

Segal, S. P., VanderVoort, D. J., & Liese, L. H. (1993). Residential status and the physical health of a mentally ill population. Health & Social Work, 18(3), 208-214. DOI:10.1093/hsw/18.3.208          PMC7577797  PMID:8406225

Segal, S. P., & VanderVoort, D. J. (1993). Daily hassles of persons with severe mental illness. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 44(3), 276-278. DOI: 10.1176/ps.44.3.276 PMC7797225  PMID: 8444441

Segal, S. P., & VanderVoort, D. J. (1993). Daily hassles and health among persons with severe mental disabilities. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 16(3), 27-40. DOI: 10.1037/h0095677   PMC7720888 PMID: 33293752

Segal, S. P., & Kotler, P. L. (1993). Sheltered-care residence and personal outcomes ten years later. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 63(1), 80-91. DOI:10.1037/h0079409   PMC7394057  PMID:8427315           NIHMS1609652

Segal, S. P., Hines, A. M., & Florian, V. (1992). Early life experiences and residential stability: A ten-year perspective on sheltered care. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 62(4), 535-544. DOI:10.1037/h0079387  PMC7560998   PMID:1443062           NIHMS1632778

Segal, S. P., Cohen, D., & Marder, S. (1992). Neuroleptic medication and prescription practices for mentally ill sheltered care residents. American Journal of Public Health, 82(6), 846-852. doi: 10.2105/ajph.82.6.846           PMC1694183  PMID: 1350181

Segal, S. P., & Ben-Ari, A. (1992). Reductions in services for severely mentally disabled sheltered- care residents: A 12-year perspective. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 16(1), 163-168. doi: 10.1037/h0095721   PMC7561029   PMID: 33071390       NIHMS1632779

Segal, S. P., & Choi, N. G. (1991). Factors affecting SSI support for sheltered care residents with serious mental illness. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 42(11), 1132-1137. doi: 10.1176/ps.42.11.1132          PMID: 1743641

Segal, S. P., & Holschuh, J. (1991). Effects of sheltered care environments and resident characteristics on the development of social networks. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 42(11), 1125-1131. DOI: 10.1176/ps.42.11.1125           PMC7720736   PMID: 1743640

Segal, S. P., & Liese, L. H. (1991). A ten-year perspective on three models of sheltered care. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 42(11), 1120-1124. DOI: 10.1176/ps.42.11.1120           PMC7474966   PMID: 1743639

Segal, S. P., Kotler, P. L., & Holschuh, J. (1991). Attitudes of sheltered care residents toward others with mental illness. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 42(11), 1138-1143. DOI: 10.1176/ps.42.11.1138        PMC7547833  PMID: 1743642

Segal, S. P., & Kotler, P. L. (1991). A ten-year perspective of mortality risk among mentally ill patients in sheltered care. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 42(7), 708-713. DOI: 10.1176/ps.42.7.708 PMC7505209  PMID: 1885180

Segal, S. P. (1991). Civil commitment standard and patient mix in three countries. In K. Graziosi, E. Rebecchi, and V. Spinedi (Eds.), Psichiatria Senza Manicomi (p. 479). Bologna, Italy: Editrice CLUEB Bologna.

Segal, S. P., Hazan, A. R., & Kotler, P. (1990). Characteristics of sheltered-care facility operators in California in 1973 and 1985. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 41(11), 1245-1248. DOI: 10.1176/ps.41.11.1245          PMC7491704  PMID: 2249805

Segal, S. P., Silverman, C. J., & Baumohl, J. (1989). Seeking person-environment fit in community care placement. In W. R. Shadish, A. J., Lurigio, and D. A. Lewis (Eds.), Journal of Social Issues, 45(3), 49-64. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1989.tb01554.x.          PMC7486064 PMID: 32921808        NIHMS1626593

Segal, S. P., & Kotler, P. L. (1989). Do we need board and care homes? Adult Residential Care Journal, 3(1), 24-32. PMC7486031           PMID: 32921914  NIHMS1626590

Segal, S. P. (1989). Civil commitment standards and patient mix in England/Wales, Italy, and the United States. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146(2), 187-193.

doi: 10.1176/ajp.146.2.187           PMC7331948    PMID: 2912261   NIHMS1595585

Segal, S. P., Watson, M., Goldfinger, S., & Averbuck, D. (1988). Civil commitment in the psychiatric emergency room: III. Disposition as a function of mental disorder and dangerousness indicators. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 759-763. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800320075010  PMC7328705  PMID: 3395206  NIHMS159557

Segal, S. P., Watson, M., Goldfinger, S., & Averbuck, D. (1988). Civil commitment in the psychiatric emergency room: II. Mental disorder indicators and three dangerousness criteria. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 753-758. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800320069009  PMC7336891 PMID: 3395205 NIHMS1595569

Segal, S. P., Watson, M., Goldfinger, S., & Averbuck, D. (1988). Civil commitment in the psychiatric emergency room: I. The assessment of dangerousness by emergency room clinicians. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 748-752. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800320064008   PMC7325725   PMID: 3395204   NIHMS1595568

Segal, S. P., & Moyles, E. A. (1988). Sheltered care: A typology of residential facilities. Adult Foster Care Journal, 2(2), 118-134. PMC7451254   PMID: 32864661NIHMS1609679

Segal, S. P. (1987). Deinstitutionalization. Encyclopedia of Social Work (18th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 367-382)

Segal, S. P., Watson, M. A., & Nelson, L. S. (1986). Consistency in the application of civil commitment standards in psychiatric emergency rooms. The Journal of Psychiatry and Law, 125-148. doi: 10.1177/0093185386014001-205     PMC7723356    PMID: 33299260      NIHMS1650397

Segal, S. P., Watson, M. A., & Nelson, L. S. (1986). Indexing civil commitment in psychiatric emergency rooms. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 484, 56-69. DOI: 10.1177/0002716286484001005     PMC7723320  PMID: 10276575        NIHMS1638796

Segal, S. P., Watson, M. A., & Nelson, L. S. (1985). Application of involuntary admission criteria in psychiatric emergency rooms. Social Work, 30(2), 160-166. doi: 10.1093/sw/30.2.160 PMC7774823 PMID: 10311093 NIHMS1653783

Segal, S. P., & Baumohl, J. (1985). The community living room. Social Casework, 66(2), 111-116. DOI: 10.1177/104438948506600208       PMC7470223  PMID: 32905488        NIHMS1621064

Segal, S. P., & Kaplan, M. S. (1984). One project and twenty-two reviews. Grants Magazine, 7(4),216-224. PMC7456541        PMID:10271845         NIHMS1621087

Segal, S. P., & Baumohl, J. (1984). Deinstitutionalization. In Supplement to the Encyclopedia of Social Work (17th ed., pp. 19-24). Washington, DC: National Association of Social Workers.

Segal, S. P., & Specht, H. (1983). A poorhouse in California, 1983: Oddity or prelude? Social Work, 28(4), 319-323. doi: 10.1093/sw/28.4.319 PMC7853406  PMID: 33536690        PMID: 33536690

Segal, S. P., & Baumohl, J. (1981). Toward harmonious community care placement. In R. Budson (Ed.), Issues in community residential care (pp. 49-61). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Segal, S. P., & Baumohl, J. (1981). The prevention of social deterioration among community care residents. The Journal of Urban Psychiatry, 1(2), 26-30. PMC7531603        PMID: 33012967        NIHMS1628715

Segal, S. P., & Baumohl, J. (1981). Social work practice in community mental health. Social Work,26(1), 16-25. PMC7833691   PMID: 10249850            NIHMS1657831

Segal, S. P. (1980). The impact of recent rehospitalization on community adjustment. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 27(3), 163-172. DOI: 10.1177/002076408102700301   PMC7825744   PMID: 7327865

Segal, S. P. (1980). Community care and human service responsiveness. Journal of the National Association of Private Psychiatric Hospitals, 11(5), 18-21. PMC7839652   PMID:10250252   NIHMS1657886

Segal, S. P., & Baumohl, J. (1980). Factors in the receipt of therapeutic assistance in community care. Social Science and Medicine, 14A, 581-587. DOI:10.1016/0160-7979(80)90061-2    PMC7719401   PMID:6259759

Segal, S. P., Chandler, S., & Aviram, U. (1980). Antipsychotic drugs in community-based sheltered-care homes. Social Science and Medicine, 14A, 589-596. doi: 10.1016/0160-7979(80)90062-4   PMC7434100  PMID: 6111128   NIHMS1609229

Segal, S. P., Baumohl, J., & Moyles, E. W. (1980). Neighborhood types and community reaction to the mentally ill: A paradox of intensity. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 345-359. DOI:10.2307/2136411   PMC7423177   PMID:7204928

Segal, S. P., & Baumohl, J. (1980). Engaging the disengaged: Recommendations on madness and vagrancy. Social Work, 25, 358-365. DOI10.1525/sp.1977.24.3.03a00100   PMC7470109  PMID: 32905443            NIHMS1619907

Segal, S. P., & Dille, L. E. (1980). Coping styles and factors in male/female social integration. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 61, 8-20. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1980.tb00561 PMC7920496 PMID: 7361583

Segal, S. P., & Moyles, E. W. (1979). Management style and institutional dependency in sheltered care. Social Psychiatry, 14, 159-165. DOI:10.1007/BF00577866           PMC7423165  PMID: 32792751        NIHMS1609227

Segal, SP, & Aviram, U. (1979). Reintegrating the mentally ill in the community. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 2(4), 499-506. doi: 10.1097/00004356-197912000-00005 PMID: 536070 PMC8281593 NIHMSID: NIHMS1706936.

Segal, SP (1979). Community care and deinstitutionalization: A review. Social Work, 24(6), 521-527. doi: 10.1093/sw/24.6.521 PMC7669462  PMID: 10313883        NIHMS1638793

Segal, SP (1979). Sheltered-care needs. Health and Social Work, 4(2), 42-57. doi: 10.1093/hsw/4.2.41    PMC7581470   PMID:488837     NIHMS1638792

Segal, SP, Dille, LE., & Moyles, E. W. (1979). Congruent perceptions in the evaluation of community-care facilities. Community Psychology, 7, 60-68. DOI:10.1002/1520-6629(197901)7:1<60:           PMC7723328  PMID:10240152   NIHMS1638790

Segal, S. P. (1978). Issues in the utilization and evaluation of social work treatment. International Social Work, 21(1), 1-17. DOI: 10.1177/002087287802100103   PMID: 33564197 PMC7869838

Segal, S. P. (1978). Attitudes toward the mentally ill: A review. Social Work, 23(3), 211-217.   doi.org/10.1093/sw/23.3.211   PMC7561268   PMID:10297098

Segal, S. P. (1978). Reaction to Segal's literature review: Segal comments. Social Work, 14(6), 436, 516-517.

Segal, SP, Baumohl, J., & Johnson, E. (1977). Falling through the cracks: Mental disorder and social margin in a young vagrant population. Social Problems, 24(3), 387-400. doi.org/10.1525/sp.1977.24.3.03a00100   PMC7485939

Aviram, U., & Segal, S. P. (1977). From hospital to community care: The change in the mental health treatment system in California. Community Mental Health Journal 13(2), 158-167. DOI: 10.1007/BF01410885   PMID: 330094

Trute, B., & Segal, S. P. (1976). Census tract predictors and the social integration of sheltered-care residents. Social Psychiatry, 11(4), 153-161.

doi.org/10.1007/BF00578103

Segal, S. P., & Aviram, U. (1976). Transition from mental hospital to community. In Social welfare forum 1975 (pp. 121-130.). New York: Columbia University Press. https://www.academia.edu/28703404/Transition_from_mental_hospital_to_community_Issues_in_providing_a_continuing_sheltered_care_environment._In_National_Conference_of_Social_Welfare?auto=download

Aviram, U., & Segal, S. P. (1973). The exclusion of the mentally ill: Reflection on an old problem in a new context. Archives of General Psychiatry, 126-131. doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1973.04200010095016

Segal, SP (1972). Research on the outcome of social work therapeutic interventions: A review of the literature. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 13, 3-17. doi.org/10.2307/2136968   PMC7574953            PMID: 4402055          NIHMS1635383

Gruenberg, E. D., Turns, D., Segal, S. P., & Solomon, M. (1972). Social breakdown syndrome: Environmental and host factors associated with chronicity. American Journal of Public Health, 62:91-94. DOI: 10.2105/ajph.62.1.91 PMCID: PMC1530015 PMID: 5008650

Outpatient Civil Commitment has become quite controversial, particularly due to studies that have reported "failure to find" differences in outcomes of those patients placed on outpatient orders and those simply released from hospital without such oversight. My work has pointed to the deficiencies of these investigations in the Lancet and begun the building of a knowledge base on the utility of outpatient commitment for reducing threats to health and safety, and providing needed treatment to those refusing treatment.

• Segal SP & Badran, L (2024). Cochrane meta-analysis fuels invalid skepticism about compulsory community treatment effectiveness. Psychiatry research, 342, 116218. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116218
• Segal SP, Hayes SL, Rimes L (2019). Reduced-risks of victimization and crime perpetration. European Psychiatry. 56, 97–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.12.001
• Segal SP, Hayes SL, Rimes L (2018). Acute medical care access and protecting health. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 53(6), 597-606. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s00127-018-1510-5
• Segal SP, Hayes SL, Rimes L (2017). The Utility of Outpatient Commitment: A need for treatment and a least restrictive alternative to psychiatric hospitalization. Psychiatric Services. 68(12): 1247-1254 (APPI-PS-2016-00161.R5)
• Segal SP, Hayes SL, Rimes L (2017). Mortality risk, protecting health, safety, and quality of life. Psychiatric Services. 68(12): 1255–1261 (APPI-PS-2016-00164.R5)

Working with colleagues in and from the Middle East and support from the Milton and Florence Krenz Mack Chaired Professorship, in 2009 MHSRG founded the Mack Center on Mental Health and Social Conflict. Given the fact that of forty-plus million refugees in 2014 only a half of one percent returned home or were repatriated to another country in that year, the Mack Center on Mental Health and Social Conflict* sought to find solutions to improve the situation of refugees in situ. See:

• Rizkalla N, Segal SP (2019). Trauma during humanitarian work: the effects on intimacy, wellbeing and PTSD-symptoms.  European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 10:1, 1679065, DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2019.1679065
• Rizkalla N, Segal SP (2019).War can harm intimacy: Consequences for refugees who escaped Syria. Journal of Global Health. December 2019 9(2) doi: 10.7189/jogh.09.020407
• Segal SP, Khoury VC, Salah R, Ghannam J (2018). Contributors to Screening Positive for Mental Illness in Lebanon's Shatila Palestinian Refugee Camp.  Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2018 Jan; 206(1):46-51. https://doi.o10.1097/NMD.0000000000000751
• Rizkalla N, Segal SP (2018). Wellbeing and Growth among Syrian Refugees in Jordan. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 31(2):213-222. doi: 10.1002/jts.22281. Epub 2018 Mar 31.

*Since 2016, the Mack Center on Mental Health and Social Conflict has been part of Risk Resilience Research group.

Working with consumers, MHSWRG helped develop the Center for Self Help Research (CSHR) have developed a knowledge base related to consumer driven service. The Center for Self Help Research — an organization with half professional and half consumer researchers jointly funded by NIMH and SAMHSA —  helped in conceptualizing and measuring consumer valued concepts.

• Segal SP, Silverman C, & Temkin T (1995). Measuring empowerment in client-run self-help agencies.  Community Mental Health Journal, 31(3), 215-227.

Among other investigations conducted were clinical trials involving ten consumer led agencies and companion community mental health agencies that have demonstrated the importance of empowering procedures in consumer-led organizations — procedures distinguishing these agencies from other NGOs. See:

• Segal, S. P., Silverman, C., & Temkin, T (2013). Self-stigma in consumer-operated and community mental health services: Two randomized controlled trials. Psychiatric Services. 64(10): 990-996.
• Segal SP, Silverman C, & Temkin T (2011). Outcomes from consumer-operated and community mental health services: A randomized controlled trial.  Psychiatric Services. 62(8), 915-921.
• Segal SP, Silverman C, Temkin T (2010). Self-help and community mental health agency outcomes: A recovery-focused randomized trial.  Psychiatric Services, 61(9), 905-910.

Service Impacts: A finding of significantly higher dosing of chlorpromazine equivalent medication given to African American males compared to other patients in PES evaluations, led to changes in PES procedures around the country and better evaluations of the posology of such medications by race. It changed PES dosing procedures. See:

• Segal SP, Bola JR, & Watson M (1996). Race, quality of care, and antipsychotic prescription practices in the psychiatric emergency service. Psychiatric Services, 47(3), 282-286.

Service Utilization: Studies have enhanced the understanding of minority service utilization and helped to target services to the most needy among minority group populations. See:

• Badran L, Rizkalla N, Segal SP (2024). Social determinants for understanding Muslims’ intentions toward seeking mental health help based on the Theory of Planned Behavior. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, DOI 10.1177/00207640241288193
• Theriot MT, Segal SP (2005). Criminal Justice System Involvement among New Clients at Outpatient Mental Health Agencies. Psychiatric Services. 56(2): 179-185.
• Barretto R, Segal SP (2005). Asian American Mental Health Services Utilization. Psychiatric Services, 56(6):1-3.
• Theriot MT, Segal SP, Cowsert MJ (2003). African-Americans and comprehensive service use. Community Mental Health Journal, 29(3), 225-2.

The American Psychiatric Association (APA) proposed changes in civil commitment criteria based on assumptions indicating that dangerousness could not be reliably assessed, that individual coming to psychiatric emergency service(PES) were dangerous and not the most severely mentally ill, and that disposition of individuals was not dependent on the severity of their disorder. Our research showed these assumptions were not correct and changed the direction of APA advocacy. The group completed a study that in concert with psychiatric emergency services (PES) staff developed The TRIAD Simulation of Clinical Judgment. TRIAD (Three Ratings of Involuntary Admissibility) simulates clinical judgment by scoring patterns of behavior and circumstance as more or less dangerous. TRIAD was developed through an iterative process resulting in the identification and ranking of patterns of behavior and circumstance more or less likely to lead to the determination that a patient is involuntarily admissible by the standards of California LPS Act 5150. TRIAD consists of three checklists with a total of 88 numbered items that can be combined to yield 166 patterns of behavior and circumstance relevant to the clinical prediction of violence and suicide and the assessment of grave disability. In our recorded observational assessments of 710 patients evaluated in ten PESs in California, TRIAD scores correctly predicted disposition, a concurrent measure of perceived dangerousness, in 82% cases observed. The use of TRIAD in addition to other measures on the project enabled the assessment of quality of care in the PES, workload limitations, and revealed needs for training staff in de-escalation skills. See for example:

• Segal, SP and Franskoviak, P (2017). Denial of access to individuals seeking inpatient care: disposition determinants and 12-month outcomes.  Journal of Forensic Sciences & Criminal Investigation. 2017; 2(4): 555592. DOI: 10.19080/JFSCI.2017.02.555592. 
• Segal SP, Egley L, Watson M, Goldfinger S (1995). The quality of psychiatric emergency evaluations and patient outcomes in county hospitals.  American Journal of Public Health, 85(10), 1429-1431.
• Segal SP, Watson M, Goldfinger S, Averbuck D (1988). Civil commitment in the psychiatric emergency room: Assessment of dangerousness by emergency room clinicians.  Archives of General Psychiatry, 45,748-52.
• Segal SP, Watson M, Goldfinger S, Averbuck D (1988). Civil commitment in the psychiatric emergency room: Mental disorder indicators & three dangerousness criteria. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 753-758.
• Segal SP, Watson M., Goldfinger S., & Averbuck D (1988). Civil commitment in the psychiatric emergency room: Disposition as a function of mental disorder and dangerousness indicators.  Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 759-763.

Conceptualization and Measurement of the Social Integration of a probability sample of all people leaving state psychiatric hospitals for residential care facilities in California: 427 people, in 211 facilities, in 157 census tracts. The sample was followed for 10 years with NIMH and RWJ support. We determined factors associated with enhancing their involvement in the community of the facility and the external community, addressed factors associated with improving resident health and mental health, evaluated medication practices, assessed the quality of the facilities and suggested ways to improve community, facility, and person fit. The Segal & Aviram book on the topic remains one of the most cited in the field. See sample of publications:

• Segal SP, & Kotler PL (1993). Sheltered-care residence and personal outcomes ten years later. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 63(1), 80-91.
• Segal SP, VanderVoort DJ, & Liese LH (1993). Residential status and the physical health of a mentally ill population. Health & Social Work, 18(3), 208-214.
• Segal SP, Cohen D, & Marder S (1992). Neuroleptic medication and prescription practices for mentally ill sheltered care residents.  American Journal of Public Health, 82(6), 846-852.
• Segal SP, Aviram U (1978). The Mentally Ill In Community-based Sheltered Care: A Study of Community Care and Social Integration. New York: Wiley-Interscience.

• Segal, S. P., & Baumohl, J. (1985). The community living room. Social Casework, 66(2), 111-116. DOI: 10.1177/104438948506600208 PMC7470223 PMID: 32905488NIHMS1621064
• Segal, SP & Baumohl, J. (1980). Engaging the disengaged: Recommendations on madness and vagrancy. Social Work, 25, 358-365. DOI10.1525/sp.1977.24.3.03a00100   PMC7470109  PMID: 32905443        NIHMS1619907 
• Segal, SP, Baumohl, J., & Johnson, E. (1977). Falling through the cracks: Mental disorder and social margin in a young vagrant population. Social Problems, 24(3), 387-400. doi.org/10.1525/sp.1977.24.3.03a00100  PMC7485939

• Segal SP. (2023). Home First: Stability and Opportunity in Out-of-Home Care. Psych 2023, 5(1), 148-193 (as of 22 March 2024, Psych has been renamed to Psychology International) https://doi.org/10.3390/psych5010014  https://www.mdpi.com/2624-8611/5/1/14